The construct of food addiction is controversial, however studies have shown characteristics of other addiction in relationship to food, such as effects on the brain reward system, impaired control, risky use, tolerance, and withdrawal. These seem to fit better with concepts of substance use disorder rather than behavioral addictions. Sugar addiction is one of the most common types of food addiction—all the more insidious because, often, we don’t even know it is there. Many studies have shown that sugar is one of the most palatable and addictive foods and, with this knowledge, food manufacturers often use excessive amounts of it in foods we don’t even consider to be sweet. There are several ways in which sugar is addictive. According to research collated by David A. Kessler, former Commissioner of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, sugar shares several characteristics with addictive drugs. In addition to being highly palatable, sugar has a high “hedonic value,” meaning you experience pleasure when you eat it.
Palatability
From a scientific point of view, palatable food not only tastes good but when we eat it, it makes us want to eat more of it. Sugar has been shown to have this effect experimentally, even with newborn babies and with animals. And it is obvious why—we need calories for survival, so we respond most readily to high-calorie foods.
Hedonic Value
The hedonic value of sugary foods is the intensity of pleasure experienced by the person eating it. The point at which sweet beverages are most pleasurable has been identified at 10 percent. This is known as the “bliss point.” Food retailers keep their foods as close to the bliss point as possible to stimulate people’s desire to re-experience the bliss point by eating that food again and again.
Reinforcement
There are two ways that sugar is reinforcing:
Why Sugar Addiction Is a Problem
Candy, and especially chocolate, is heavily marketed, particularly to children and women. This is a problem because children’s early experiences often shape their later behavior. So, if they are eating a lot of sugar when they are young, they are more likely to want sugar when they are older. Over-consumption of sugar has been linked to many different health problems. And many children and adults become chocoholics, which also carries a risk of caffeine addiction as chocolate is a caffeine-containing food. Health risks aren’t the only concern related to the over-consumption of sugar. One research study has even demonstrated a correlation between childhood daily candy consumption and later violence in adulthood. Moreover, the overuse of sugar has played a major role in the epidemic of obesity in North America—not only through the direct overconsumption of sweet foods like candy but also through the addition of sugar to make many savory foods more palatable. This makes people more likely to overeat such foods and increases the number of calories they consume.
