Erikson’s theory suggests that people pass through eight distinctive developmental stages as they grow and change through life. While many developmental theories tend to focus purely on childhood events, Erikson was one of the few theorists to look at development across the entire course of the lifespan. He was also one of the first to view the aging process itself as part of human development. At each stage of psychosocial development, people are faced with a crisis that acts as a turning point in development. Successfully resolving the crisis leads to developing a psychological virtue that contributes to overall psychological well-being. At the integrity versus despair stage, the key conflict centers on questioning whether or not the individual has led a meaningful, satisfying life.
What Are Integrity and Despair?
Integrity refers to a person’s ability to look back on their life with a sense of accomplishment and fulfillment. Characteristics of integrity include:
AcceptanceA sense of wholenessLack of regretFeeling at peaceA sense of successFeelings of wisdom and acceptance
Despair refers to looking back on life with feelings of regret, shame, or disappointment. Characteristics of despair include:
Bitterness Regret Ruminating over mistakes Feeling that life was wasted Feeling unproductive Depression Hopelessness
The integrity versus despair stage begins as the aging adult begins to tackle the problem of his or her mortality. The onset of this stage is often triggered by life events such as retirement, the loss of a spouse, the loss of friends and acquaintances, facing a terminal illness, and other changes to major roles in life.
Benefits of Integrity
There are a number of benefits to successfully achieving feelings of integrity at this stage of life. These benefits include:
Ego integrity: Successfully resolving the crisis at this stage leads to the development of what Erikson referred to as ego integrity. Peace and fulfillment: People are able to look back at their life with a sense of contentment and face the end of life with a sense of wisdom and no regrets. Wisdom: Erikson defined this wisdom as an “informed and detached concern with life itself even in the face of death itself.”
Those who feel proud of their accomplishments will feel a sense of integrity. Successfully completing this phase means looking back with few regrets and a general feeling of satisfaction. These individuals will attain wisdom, even when confronting death.
Causes
There are a number of different factors that can influence the integrity versus despair stage of psychosocial development. Some factors that influence the outcome of this stage include:
Family: Having supportive relationships is an important aspect of the development of integrity and wisdom.Work: People who feel a sense of pride in their work and accomplishments are more likely to experience feelings of fulfillment at this stage of life. Contributions: Those who reach this stage feeling that they have made valuable contributions to the world are more likely to achieve a sense of integrity. This often involves contributing to things that will outlast them through their children, friendships, mentorships, work, or community involvement.
Consequences of Despair
Despair can have serious consequences for a person’s health and well-being as they face the end of life. Research suggests that ego integrity and despair are important life-space development indicators of well-being. Some of the consequences of despair include:
Increased depressive symptoms: Feelings of despair at this stage of life can be marked by feelings of low mood, hopelessness, sadness, and feelings of worthlessness, which are also symptoms of depression. Increased regret: People who look back on their life with despair are more likely to ruminate over mistakes and feel regret for the life they have lived. Decreased life satisfaction: When people feel despair at this stage, they are also less likely to feel satisfied with their lives going forward. This can have an effect on their ability to cope with stress and decrease their resilience.
How to Improve Integrity
This stage of psychosocial development often depends on many of the events that occurred during earlier periods of life. However, there are things that you can do to help develop a greater sense of ego integrity as you age.
Start early: The things you do during middle age will play a role in your feelings about life as you age. Focus on doing things that will support your emotional wellness as you grow older, such as getting involved in your community and strengthening relationships to ensure you have a strong social support network. Seek meaningful relationships: High-quality relationships with people you care about and who care about you are important. Focus on those relationships and work on making peace with relationships that may not be as strong. Reframe your thinking: Rather than ruminating over regrets or wishing you can change the past, focus on reframing how you think about those events. For example, you might focus on what you learned from those experiences rather than dwelling on what you wish you could do differently. Practice gratitude: Focus on the positive aspects of your life rather than paying excessive attention to the negative.
How to Decrease Despair
If you find yourself experiencing a sense of despair as you age, there are steps that you can take to improve your well-being. Some of the steps you can take include:
Reach out to others: Focus on building social support. Discussing your feelings with friends and family can help, or look for new connections by participating in community groups or organizations. Focus on the positive: Think about the memories and events that brought you feelings of pride and happiness. Explore new experiences: Seek out activities that bring you pleasure and joy in the here-and-now. Engage in spiritual practice: Find ways to explore your spirituality, which may help bring feelings of peace and well-being. Get help: If you continue to struggle with feelings of despair, consider talking to your doctor or mental health professional. You may be experiencing symptoms of a condition such as depression or anxiety. Your doctor can recommend treatments that will help.
A Word From Verywell
According to Erikson’s theory, individuals don’t experience integrity or despair all the time. Instead, most healthy individuals experience a balance between each as they begin to make sense of their lives.
